Frequencies of the different genotypes in this province are shown in Figure 2C. Genotype 16 was less frequent in women in Holguín than those in Havana and Villa Clara. In Villa Clara Province, 20 HPV genotypes were identified, of which 12 (60%) were high-risk HPV. Figure 2B shows frequency of diagnosis for the different genotypes in this province. Prevalence of HPV 31 and 33 were greater in women in Villa Clara compared with the other provinces studied.
“It is known that the vast majority of Cuban women have double workdays and when a natural disaster occurs their efforts triple,” environmental educator Juan Francisco Santos told IPS. In her opinion, disaster management policy should include a gender perspective, because solutions to the problems they generate have to be related to the different impacts and capacities created by people for recovery. “All efforts and conflicts are complicated by disasters, because women in every sense are more vulnerable, both at home and at work, where a machista organisational culture still reigns,” sociologist and academic Reina Fleitas told IPS. The response of men and women to this type of disaster is usually different. “Women generally assume the greatest responsibility during evacuations, packing up necessary personal belongings and water and food, often on their own with the children and the elderly in their care,” journalist Iramis Alonso told IPS. In politics, nine of the 25 cabinet ministers and 14 of the 31 members of the State Council are women, as are 299 of the 612 deputies of the National Assembly of People’s Power, the local parliament. The Minister of Science, Technology and Environment has been Elba Rosa Pérez Montoya since 2012.
The group has various organizational levels , and its duties and responsibilities entail production, finance and transport, education, social work, ideological orientation, day care, and foreign relations. The FMC is not an autonomous organization; rather it is one of the popular-based institutions designed to convey government views to the populace and reflect women’s needs to the government. This two-way communication was most evident at the FMC national congresses in 1962, 1974, 1980, 1985, and 1995. The FMC directly influenced the 1974 Maternity Law, the 1975 Family Code, the Protection and Hygiene Law, and the Social Security Law. By 1986 the FMC had established 838 child-care centers that supported 96,000 mothers. It also referred to the work of the Women’s and Family Guidance Houses in all the country’s municipalities, and the partnerships with ministries, mass organizations and other State bodies for the implementation of public policies for the benefit of women and gender equality. According to Teresa Amarelle, secretary general of the FMC, Cuban women ‘have maintained a responsible and courageous attitude’ in the face of the pandemic, whether in their jobs or in ensuring services and production.
The program may have contributed to the decline in cervical cancer mortality rates from above 20 per 100,000 women in 1965 to 7.7 per 100,000 in 2010. Although these rates are among the lowest in Latin America, the increases are cause for concern. IMPORTANCE This paper characterizes frequency of HPV and Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women of three Cuban provinces and highlights the need to study chlamydia infection in young and adolescent women. It supports the need to include HPV vaccination in the National Immunization Program and contributes knowledge about HPV genotypes in Cuba potentially useful for considering vaccine candidates for domestic production.
The article characterizes today’s Cuban women, particularly those of us with or at risk of breast cancer, and describes my own and others’ responses to our disease. My aim is to provide insights useful to the physicians, nurses, engineers, physicists, technicians, and service and administrative workers in Cuba’s health services who interact with us, whose increased awareness will make us feel more deeply understood and respected.
These genotypes were detected in equal proportion in Havana residents . Of the 500 women examined, 14.8% (74/500) were infected by one or more HPV genotypes. A total of 29 genotypes were identified, of which 79.7% (59/74) were high-risk HPV.
Cuban women, together with their Revolution, took that step more than 50 years ago. The active presence of women in government bodies is a continuation of this march. The challenge facing Cuban society now is located in the subjectivity of men and women. Political will and advanced legislation to promote equality are not sufficient when we are faced with value judgments, customs, stereotypes and prejudices rooted in traditions and culture. And although much has been achieved in 50 years, this is a short period in comparison with 500 years of a Western Judeo-Christian culture built upon exclusion and the subordination of women. However, a look at the election results for the country’s Municipal Assemblies, totally composed of delegates elected from the base, confirm that there are still some subjective obstacles to the promotion of women. In addition, observing the electoral process, there is a majority presence of women in all aspects and stages of the elections.
She told me her mom had been a spiritist, and Caro often left glasses of water out for the spirits . Caro’s beliefs have been an eclectic mix of spiritual traditions and self-original oaths. Shortly earlier than her demise, she instructed me she’d let her hair grow lengthy for Paco; she’d minimize it when he returned to Cuba and provides a braid to each of her two granddaughters, the one living together with her and the one dwelling on her personal. As in most international locations of Central and Latin hot cuban chicks America, Cuban ladies simply love to bounce in the streets. When you go to the Cuban beach, you will see how many girls hang around, sunbathe, play volleyball, swim there. Many nightclubs provide cheap alcohol, and the average Cuban girl likes to take a particularly cheap bottle of beer and walk in the streets. After the autumn of the previous Soviet Union in 1991 and the loss of subsidies that had propped up the Cuban economic system, the island fell into an economic despair and ethical crisis.
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So, attempt to be in your finest manners and present respect for his or her culture. A good redeeming quality of Cuban brides is that they are often brutally trustworthy. Cuban women do not mince phrases after they need to let you know how they feel about you. Other, even stronger factors are women’s economic independence and academic level, their elevated life expectancy and the benefit of acquiring a divorce. In addition, more extremely educated women insist more on relationships based mostly on affection.
Chlamydia trachomatis infection was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction and 35 genotypes of human papillomavirus by low-density microarray. We then examined the association of infection with sociodemographic, clinical and epidemiological variables. Determine the frequency of infection by human papillomavirus and Chlamydia trachomatis and their association with sociodemographic, clinical and epidemiological variables in women seeking routine Pap smears or other medical services at the primary care level in Cuba. The throne of the queen of the household is a sceptre which the majority of the family, particularly men, do not wish to share, even when their partners are women who are increasingly more educated and efficient. The 7th FMC Congress, which will be held from March 6 to 8 in Havana, will be a new forum from which women will demand rights withheld from them, not by law but by traditions still existing within Cuban society.
Anogenital HPV is the most frequent STI in the world, given that close to 90% of the sexually active population has the virus. The infection is common in adolescents and young adults, who acquire it when they first become sexually active, which concurs with the finding in this study that the greatest frequency of infection is in women aged ≤25 years. Eighty percent (4/5) of those infected had a secondary educational level , 60% (3/5) were single and 60% (3/5) were homemakers. No association was found between chlamydia infection and these sociodemographic variables.
Different lifestyles among urban women may influence their susceptibility to HPV infection and persistence. Habits such as smoking, alcohol and drug use, and treatment with steroidal hormones have been related to behaviors associated with infection. Variables associated with viral infection did not behave equally in the three provinces studied, observing differences primarily in the age of infected women, their occupational status, number of sexual partners in the two years, or smoking and hormonal contraceptive use. The uneven distribution of sociodemographic variables among provinces, particularly those associated with a higher risk of infection, could explain the higher prevalence in Havana as well as the lowest in Villa Clara. For instance, Havana has the highest percentage of women aged 15–25 years, the same range that concentrates higher rates of infection observed in general. It also has the highest percentage of students, of women who reported having three or more sexual partners in the last two years, women with a history of STIs, smokers and oral contraceptive users.
Although frequency of high-grade cervical lesions is low, these are associated with a high percentage of infection by oncogenic HPV genotypes, but none of the women infected with high-risk HPV had chlamydia. Despite the low frequency of chlamydia infection, one woman was found to have coinfection with HPV genotype 61.
They are in the Assembly on the basis of their own merit and popular recognition of that merit. They are a reflection of the development achieved in all spheres of the country’s economic, political and social life set in motion by the Revolution within the Revolution, or the process for equality of rights, possibilities and opportunities between women and men. The FMC has encouraged women to stand for national elections in the municipal, provincial, and national assemblies, and it has gained governmental approval for candidates. Political ideology is provided at the Fe del Valle Cadre School for selected students, who are expected in turn to propagandize in their communities and work places. The FMC has increased women’s presence in the workforce, including managerial positions, and has raised the level of women’s education.
Despite household pressures to turn into a nun, Valdes turned to Santería, an Afro-Cuban religion based on West African beliefs. She sang religious chants to Yoruba deities and ancestors in her music at a time when Santería was stigmatized. In 1949, she was one of the first Santería singers to document music. Five odd Cuban women on their lives, their passions and their struggles, giving perception into the tradition of a largely unknown folks. Activists say the federal government’s figures for gender killings are too low as a result of they solely include home-violence related crimes, and exclude intercourse crimes.
